Daniel Everett: Różnice pomiędzy wersjami

'''Daniel Leonard Everett''' (ur. [[1951]] w Holtville, [[Kalifornia]]) – amerykański lingwista, badacz [[Amazonia|amazońskiego]] plemienia [[Pirahã]] i ich [[język pirahã|języka]]<ref>{{Cytuj stronę |autor =Mike Sajna |url =http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=issueid%3a%3aissuedate&-sortorder=descend&keywords=Daniel%20Everett&-max=50&-recid=38611&-find= |tytuł =Daniel Everett |praca =University of Pittsburgh |opublikowany =University Times |strony = |data =13 października 1994 |data dostępu =17 listopada 2008-11-17 |język =en |cytat = |archiwum =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112040/http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=issueid::issuedate&-sortorder=descend&keywords=Daniel%20Everett&-max=50&-recid=38611&-find= |zarchiwizowano =4 marca 2016 }}</ref>.

W jednej z misji badawczych w 1993 odkrył nowy język – Oro Win<ref>{{Cytuj stronę |autor =Bruce Steele |url =http://mac10.umc.pitt.edu/u/FMPro?-db=ustory.fp5&-format=d.html&-lay=a&-sortfield=issueid%3a%3aissuedate&-sortorder=descend&keywords=Daniel%20Everett&-max=50&-recid=37509&-find= |tytuł =Linguistics professor discovers new language in Brazilian rain forest |praca =University of Pittsburgh |opublikowany =University Times |strony = |data =13 października 1994 |data dostępu =11 listopada 2008-11-11 |język =en | cytat=Pitt linguistics department chairperson Daniel Everett found a new sound and a whole new language last spring in the Brazilian rain forest. The language, called "Oro Win" (pronounced OR-oh WEEN), is spoken by only about a half-dozen of the 40-50 members of the tribe of the same name. The Oro Win live at the headwaters of the Pacaas-Novos River, itself a tributary of the Mamore River along Brazil's border with Bolivia. }}</ref> – jeden z niewielu, które używają [[Spółgłoska drżąca dwuwargowa|spółgłosek drżących wargowych]].

W trakcie badań doszedł do wniosku, że zasady [[Gramatyka generatywna|uniwersalnej gramatyki]] Chomsky’ego, a w szczególności podstawowa zasada [[Rekurencja|rekurencji]] nie ma zastosowania w języku Pirahã. Opublikowany w Current Antrolopology w 2005 artykuł ''Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã''<ref>{{Cytuj pismo |imię=Daniel |nazwisko=Everett |autor link=Daniel Everett |tytuł=Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã |czasopismo=Current Anthropology |wolumin=Volume 46, Number 4 |wydanie= |strony=621-46 |data=August-October 2005 |wydawca= |miejsce= |issn= |doi= }}</ref> spowodował kontrowersje w dziedzinie lingwistyki<ref>{{Cytuj stronę |autor =Patrick Barkham |url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/10/daniel-everett-amazon |tytuł =The power of speech |praca = |opublikowany =The Guardian |strony = |data =10 listopada 2008 |data dostępu =11 listopada 2008-11-11 |język =en | cytat= }} "These doubts exploded three years ago, like "a bomb thrown into the party" in the words of psychologist and linguist Steven Pinker, who initially welcomed Everett's findings against Chomsky before becoming more critical. In 2005, Everett published a paper about the Pirahã that rocked the foundations of universal grammar. Chomsky had recently refined his theory to argue that recursion - the linguistic practice of inserting phrases inside others - was the cornerstone of all languages. (An example of recursion is extending the sentence "Daniel Everett talked about the story of his life" to read, "Daniel Everett flew to London and talked about the story of his life".) Everett argued that he could find no evidence of recursion in Pirahã. This was deeply troubling for Chomsky's theory. If the Pirahã didn't use recursion, then how could it be a fundamental part of a universal grammar embedded in our genes? And if the Pirahã didn't use recursion, then is their language - and, by implication, other languages - determined not by biology but by culture? [...] Everett's claims created a furore. Chomskyites rushed to defend universal grammar and academics cast doubt on Everett's view of the Pirahã. Nineteenth-century anthropologists had judged exotic peoples similarly, saying they had no creation myths and apparently crude languages that could not count or convey abstract thought, before it was proved it was our erroneous understanding of these "primitive" societies that was primitive. "By framing his observations as an anti-Chomsky discovery rather than as un-PC Eurocentric condescension, Everett was able to get away with claims that would have aroused the fury of anthropologists in any other context," wrote the increasingly sceptical Pinker, who argued that even if there was "a grain of truth" in the Pirahã's preoccupation with the here-and-now, it was by no means unique to their society. In other words, Everett was an almost racist throwback to the days of, well, missionaries."</ref>.

Napisał książkę ''Don’t Sleep There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle''<ref>{{Cytuj stronę |imię = |nazwisko = |autor = |autor2 = |url =http://www.profilebooks.com/title.php?titleissue_id=542 |tytuł ="Don’t Sleep There Are Snakes, Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle" Daniel Everett |praca = |opublikowany = |strony = |data = |data dostępu =11 listopada 2008-11-11 |język = |cytat =Although Daniel Everett was a missionary, far from converting the Pirahas, they converted him. He shows the slow, meticulous steps by which he gradually mastered their language and his gradual realisation that its unusual nature closely reflected its speakers’ startlingly original perceptions of the world. He describes how he began to realise that his discoveries about the Piraha language opened up a new way of understanding how language works in our minds and in our lives, and that this way was utterly at odds with Noam Chomsky’s universally accepted linguistic theories. The perils of passionate academic opposition were then swiftly conjoined to those of the Amazon in a debate whose outcome has yet to be won. |archiwum =https://web.archive.org/web/20081221124139/http://www.profilebooks.com/title.php?titleissue_id=542 |zarchiwizowano =21 grudnia 2008 }} {{ISBN|978-1-84668-030-4}}</ref> wydaną w listopadzie 2008.